Welcome, readers, to August’s second issue of Synchronized Chaos Magazine.

First, a few announcements.

One of our regular contributors, Jaylan Salah, whom I’ve known for nearly 20 years, is an Egyptian national and a feminist film critic in the Arab world. She’s spoken virtually on panels at professional conferences and has a few books of poetry published.

Her father, who has been a consistent and encouraging presence in her life, has heart disease and needs a lifesaving bypass surgery. In Egypt people can get this done for $3,500 USD even without insurance, so she’s put together a GoFundMe to raise this. She’d appreciate any contributions or people resharing the fundraiser.

Fundraiser by Shadan Larki : Help My Father Receive Life-Saving Open-Heart Surgery

Also, Dr. Natalie Bisso announces a call for written and visual art for an international competition.

Now for this month’s issue: Where Things Touch.

The pieces gathered here live at the places where one thing meets another: technology and humanity, memory and the present, language and silence, homeland and identity, grief and renewal, love and loss. Their subjects are remarkably varied, yet together they suggest a simple idea: we understand the world most deeply at its points of contact.

That tension begins with artificial intelligence. Ochilova Zarnigor Zuhriddin qizi highlights the opportunities AI technologies can make possible, while Shodmonova Madina Bekzod qizi urges us toward its selective and wise use. Dr. Jernail S. Anand similarly encourages humanity to regard artificial intelligence as a tool rather than a replacement for human beings. Bahtiyar Hidayet expresses a similar idea regarding how people viewed the invention of the automobile, and Sotvoldiyeva Nargizaxon Abdurasulovna discusses user experience and data security for digital government services. Their perspectives establish an important balance for a technologically transformed age: innovation matters, but so does judgment. The question is not simply what machines can do, but what humans should choose to do with them.

That question of choice extends into language itself. Joshua Martin’s review of Neil Flory’s locust blindfold stompchant rain presents poetry as raw material—language shattered, recombined, musicalized, and made strange so that readers can no longer consume it passively. Grant Guy’s concrete poems discover the expressive force of what language leaves unsaid, while Ivan Pozzoni asks whether, in our modern world, speech still means what we think it means: are we actually communicating, and are we actually listening? Young-eun Kang offers a possible answer from another direction, suggesting that love can cross a communication gap that words alone cannot. Musharraf Hussain and Thi Lan Anh Tran’s Love Amidst Calculations makes the same case against the tyranny of measurement and productivity, finding connection, tenderness, and presence in the margins of quantified life.

The writers repeatedly demonstrate that when words fail, other forms of expression remain. Noah Berlatsky approaches Whitman’s poetry with wit, while Sunday David Kokoette reflects on the historical power of the pen and the great documents that have shaped civilization. Raida Jarjes, writing about Oscar Wilde’s The Nightingale and the Rose, reminds us that reading itself changes with experience: what once seemed one thing may, years later, reveal another depth. Mark Young similarly explores reframing and the transfiguration of perspective as routes toward new understanding. In these works, interpretation becomes a form of transformation. We do not merely read the world; we continually reread it.

Memory is another place where past and present touch. Patrick Sweeney’s monostich poems place childhood memories beside the present, allowing the cosmic and the mundane to meet. Brian Barbeito’s recollections of a grandmother’s raspberries and crocheted objects suggest that love, once given, never entirely disappears. David Douglas quietly asks whether, if we could relive the best time of our lives, we would still belong there. Neidy Avila Ramirez explores the loneliness of outgrowing the circumstances that formed us. Together, these pieces recognize that nostalgia is not simply a desire to return. Sometimes growing means discovering that the place that made us is no longer the place where we can remain.

Other writers confront the darker dimensions of being human. J.J. Campbell’s poetry finds suburban suffocation, mortality, regret, and dark humor in bleak circumstances. John Grey, using taxidermy as a strange mirror, considers impermanence, insignificance, and the quiet absurdity of existence. Mykyta Ryzhykh’s speaker feels himself polluted and unworthy, imagining death as a cleansing of the world. Srijani Dutta writes from uncertainty, pain, rejection, self-doubt, and change while continuing to search for freedom, creativity, and meaning. Shah Jehan Ashrafi gives form to a different kind of struggle: the fragile yet unbroken person, quiet yet volcanic, carrying immense weight while still emitting light. Photini Karamouzis Chalkias enters the digital age’s emotional terrain, portraying longing, toxic connection, and the loss of self in love. Türkan Ergör speaks to the ache of knowing where you belong but being separated from it and the quiet transformation that happens when you’ve glimpsed something (the rose) that redefines what “home” even means.

Yet despair is rarely allowed the final word. Stephen Jarrell Williams writes toward surrender—not defeat, but the willingness to be opened by nature and creative power so completely that one might create the words even one other person needs. Kushi Nanayakkara finds something beautiful or vital persisting amid decay and loss. Abigail George portrays addiction as a thief of family love and peace of mind, but also records the small acts—knitting, making coffee, praying—that can hold a person together when everything else is collapsing. Oruj Dadashi Elman expresses his lofty hopes and visions for his poetry as Graciela Noemi Villaverde offers up a powerful and beautiful rendering of human dignity, poetic, philosophical, and deeply resonant. Mohammed Al-Qaddafi Masoud, translated by Dr. Salwa Goda, speaks to stripping away pretense and getting to the elemental truths of reality, as Hong Ngoc Chau points out how some aspects of life ultimately cannot be analyzed, but simply felt. Ananya S. Guha enters the disorienting limbo of insomnia, where even the familiar rhythms of night seem to have vanished. This may seem depressing, but it is also deeply human, and sometimes witnessing and journaling through one’s challenging experiences allows us to survive. Shannon Scoates asserts that her soft heart is an inextricable part of her personality and finds the strength to hold onto it. Priyanka Neogi expresses an artistic commitment to strictness, not as harshness, but as focus and discipline. Sumana Bhattacharjee chooses kindness and self-respect on her own terms, rather than worrying what a whole world of very different people will think of her. These works understand survival not as triumphal certainty but as the stubborn continuation of meaning.

Love, accordingly, appears in many forms. Mesfakus Salahin portrays it as simultaneously passionate and creative like the sun and contemplative and mysterious like the moon. Jacques Fleury’s deeply personal letter to Faith addresses both a person and the quality of faith itself, finding gratitude, vulnerability, and emotional maturity in the ruins of collapsed piety—and discovering there a renewed belief in humanity, freedom, and collective peace. Driss Boukili El Hassani makes homeland itself a person: the beloved becomes the country. Sayani Mukherjee creates a love that brings together nature, city, sorrow, and joy, making something both eternal and earthly. Qahramonova Zaxro honors her beloved father with a tender poem in verse. Mahbub Alam’s piece suggests that true connection requires disorientation, a willingness to be lost alongside another. Dianne Reeves Angel’s poetic speakers move from guarded performance to exhausted, truthful surrender, when there’s nothing left to do but be seen. Milena Pčinjski speaks to perfect synchronicity and oneness between two people. Milka J. Šolaja illustrates a relationship so supportive that both partners are free to be their authentic selves. And Bill Tope’s short story reminds us that friendship is not necessarily created by proximity or shared interests but by the deliberate choice to remain present. Kozimjonova Saidakhon Alisher qizi highlights the need to balance being present for one’s social media followers with being here for one’s actual life.

Love also encounters history, culture, and identity. Nigora Tursunboyeva’s essay celebrates Uzbek poetess Zulfiya, whose exploration of women’s inner lives accompanied her nation’s modernization and whose literary legacy remains powerful. Elmaya Jabbarova honors the legacy of Azerbaijani poetess Burla Khatun. Jumayeva Gulasal argues that Uzbekistan’s traditional values for women and girls can coexist with modern education and participation in the job market. Farangiz Rakhmonova celebrates the many different entrepreneurial ventures of young Uzbek women. Malika Rustaqizi Arziqulova discusses ways to turn one’s goals into reality through personal growth and learning as Anvarova Xursanoy Azizbek qizi encourages students to gain work and life experience while still in college. Yuldasheva Xadichaxon Bahodir qizi highlights the role of her university education in helping her achieve her dreams. Boqieva Nazira encourages us to make the most of whatever circumstances we encounter through resilience and responsibility. Abdukarimova Qadriya emphasizes cultural literacy as an essential component of education in English as a foreign language, while Matniyazova Gulizebo Adilbek qizi describes proficiency in English as a lifelong goal. Oygul Shermamatova connects the historical greatness of Uzbek culture with the dignified and successful futures available to its young people. Rajabova Ruxshona Ibrahim kizi outlines the humanistic creativity, insight, and artistic genius of the European Renaissance. Danijela Ćuk dreams of peace in the world and in each family’s home.

That cultural pride appears vividly throughout the collection. Rayhona Hasanova celebrates the beauty, purity, and strength of her Uzbek homeland. Maxmatqulova Amira Alisherovna celebrates its natural and cultural beauty. Amina Sunnatullayeva honors its long history, crafts, moral values, and art. Elmurodova Charos Sunnat qizi remembers the legacy of Central Asian statesman and warrior Amir Temur. Mirzayeva Madina Asliddinovna provides a detailed overview of several Uzbek cities’ history and main attractions. Sharifova Saidaxon turns heritage into a question, asking whether we are living up to the sacrifices and legacy of our ancestors. In these works, history is not a museum behind glass. It is an inheritance that demands a response.

The Serbian critics’ defense and celebration of writer Maja Herman Sekulić broadens that principle beyond any single homeland. Their cultural commentary asserts the universal value of literature beyond nationality or ideology. Literature can begin in a particular country, language, memory, or political moment and still travel beyond those borders. It is at once rooted and migratory. In a similar vein, Eva Petropoulou Lianou’s preface to Lan Xin’s upcoming book Phoenix Nirvana elevates the book from a self-help or women’s growth title into a spiritual-cultural event, carrying the weight of cross-cultural healing, female empowerment, and universal love.

The natural world provides another meeting place. Jerrice Baptiste’s summer poems and paintings depict plant and animal life continuing relentlessly even amid human activity. Marjorie Thelen’s story of caring for a magpie discovers trust, wildness, friendship, and the extraordinary grace of being chosen by a creature that could simply have flown away. Nidia Amelia Garcia describes a canoe on the river with the language of love and communion. Maja Milojkovic does something similar with gentle raindrops and roses. Christina Chin’s haiga and accompanying art preserve a gentle summer moment. Chidimma Ewelukwa gives voice to children and to the earth itself while counting the lingering costs of war.

Eva Lianou Petropoulou’s evocative short story turns to the effects of plastic waste on sea creatures, while her musical poetry reminds us that ecological concern can itself become art. Timothee Bordenave approaches the same environmental crisis through chemistry, arguing for a circular economy in which plastic waste can be transformed into high-performance, metal-replacing materials—an approach that is both economically viable and environmentally beneficial. Otamurodova Asalbonu Qodir qizi also discusses ways to reduce, reuse, recycle, and replace plastics. O’ktamova Sabrina Mahmud qizi addresses soil degradation in Uzbekistan’s Kashkadarya region and bioremediation through mulch.

Science and medicine enter this conversation not as opposites to art but as other ways of caring for life. Kamolabonu Rasuljon qizi Inomova outlines modern therapeutic approaches to epilepsy treatment, while Jurayeva Muxtasar Ilyosovna discusses the prevention of viral respiratory infections. Feruza Boymurodova Jumanazar qizi considers digital monitoring of the efficacy of biological treatment for psoriasis. Their practical concerns remind us that knowledge has consequences beyond the page: understanding can protect bodies just as literature can illuminate minds.

The collection also repeatedly asks what happens when power is abused or suffering is ignored. Duane Vorhees examines power and the disturbing question of who gets to play God over the creations of others. Ri Hossain’s poem becomes a rebellion against polite silence, challenging the educated, comfortable observer who can look away from suffering and retreat into romance or consumerism. At the same time, the poem stages an internal conflict between the thinker who desires order and the poet drawn toward the messy, erotic, and unknown. Chidimma Ewelukwa’s children and earth, still carrying the costs of war, make that silence even harder to maintain.

Ethical responsibility appears on a smaller, more intimate scale as well. Kozimjonova Saidaxon Alisher qizi’s story demonstrates the power of humble repentance: genuine amends begin not with excuses for the person who caused harm but with concern for the person harmed. Duane Vorhees’s questions about power and Kozimjonova Saidaxon’s lesson about accountability ultimately meet at the same point: what we do to others matters.

The arts themselves become evidence of human resilience. Alex S. Johnson’s profile of Morgan Riley, frontwoman of Blackwater Drowning, presents a band demonstrating that heaviness can be tender, genres can remain fluid, and brutal music can carry deeply human messages. Eva Lianou Petropoulou’s musical poetry, Jerrice Baptiste’s combination of poems and paintings, and Grant Guy’s concrete forms similarly refuse to separate artistic beauty from difficult realities. Form becomes part of meaning.

Even technology, in the end, belongs to this larger human conversation. AI can generate, calculate, accelerate, and transform, but the works gathered here repeatedly insist upon qualities that cannot be reduced to efficiency: vulnerability, memory, cultural inheritance, compassion, repentance, attention, imagination, and love. The challenge is not to reject new tools but to remain human while using them.

From Ochilova Zarnigor Zuhriddin qizi’s excitement about the technical possibilities represented by artificial intelligence to Dr. Jernail S. Anand’s insistence that AI is a tool to work alongside, not instead of, our creativity; from J.J. Campbell’s bleak humor to Stephen Jarrell Williams’ creative surrender; from Patrick Sweeney’s childhood memories to David Douglas’ question about belonging to the past; from Rayhona Hasanova, Maxmatqulova Amira Alisherovna, Amina Sunnatullayeva, and Oygul Shermamatova’s celebration of Uzbekistan to Driss Boukili El Hassani’s discovery of homeland in a beloved; from Nigora Tursunboyeva’s remembrance of Uzbek poetess Zulfiya to the Serbian critics’ defense of the literary legacy and impact of Maja Herman Sekulić; from Timothee Bordenave’s fresh idea for a closed-loop system recycling plastics into new materials and Eva Lianou Petropoulou’s poignant tale of sea creatures endangered by humanity’s plastic pollution; from Ri Hossain’s poetic rebellion against polite silence and refusal to disappear into comfort and consumerism to Musharraf Hussain and Thi Lan Anh Tran’s rebellion against measuring the worth of our lives purely by our productivity—the pieces continually cross boundaries that might otherwise seem fixed.

That is their deepest kinship. They remind us that nothing meaningful exists entirely alone. Memory touches identity. Language touches silence. Science touches ethics. Technology touches responsibility. Love touches grief. Homeland touches history. Nature touches culture. Art touches survival.

And somewhere in all those crossings, something unexpected happens: things begin to speak to one another.

The result is not a collection of answers so much as a collection of encounters. Its guiding principle might therefore be stated in two words: Where Things Touch. It is at those points of contact—between past and future, human and machine, self and other, destruction and renewal—that understanding begins.

LIFE ONLINE

Every morning, the first thing Malika looked at was not the window, but her phone. For her, a new day did not begin with sunlight, but with the notifications appearing one after another at the top of her screen. Someone had liked her photo, someone had sent her a new message, and someone else had probably already written, “Where are you?” She could exchange messages with dozens of people before even getting out of bed, yet sometimes she failed to hear her mother’s voice from the next room: “Are you awake, my dear?”

Malika’s life online looked beautiful. Every photograph was carefully chosen, every frame had just the right light, and every caption created the impression that her life had already fallen perfectly into place. University, books, coffee, walks, friends, small victories, and thoughtful reflections on life—her page had everything. Her number of followers kept growing. Sometimes she found herself thinking that she had never even met some of the people she spoke to every day in real life.

Anyone who visited her page would have had no reason to doubt that Malika was happy. Only Malika herself sometimes did. For three years, she had spent more time thinking about how her life looked to others than about how it actually felt to live it.

One day at university, a professor gave the students a simple assignment:

— Turn off your phones for one hour today. Do not send any messages, take any photographs, or go on social media. Just look around you. Spend one hour observing people.

Laughter filled the classroom. Some thought it was a joke. Someone said, “Can we really survive an hour without our phones?” Malika laughed too.

But once she turned her phone off, the room suddenly looked different.

She noticed that the hands of the girl sitting beside her were trembling. Malika had always thought of her as cheerful and self-confident. Now she saw the girl repeatedly writing the same sentence in the corner of her notebook:

“Can I do this?”

Down the corridor, a young man who was usually joking and making everyone laugh stood alone by the window. Messages kept arriving on his phone, but he did not answer a single one. No one knew what was hidden behind the calmness on his face.

When the hour was over, the students turned their phones back on. Screens lit up one after another. Notifications returned. Everyone slipped back into their familiar digital lives.

But during that one hour, Malika had begun to understand something: people hide far more than they choose to show.

From that day on, she began looking at her own page differently. There were hundreds of photographs there. But not a single one showed her lying awake at night, staring at the ceiling. None showed the moments after she had argued with her mother and sat alone regretting it. None contained the words, “I’m afraid,” “I’m tired,” or “What if I can’t do it?” She had shown the world the most beautiful version of herself while hiding her most genuine self even from herself.

One evening, she decided to write a new post. She used artificial intelligence to help her draft it. Within seconds, the screen filled with beautiful, emotional, almost perfect sentences:

“Sometimes there is a silence within the human heart that even the closest person cannot hear…”

Malika stared at the text for a long time. The sentence was beautiful.

But those were not her own words.

She deleted everything and put the phone down. A few minutes later, she typed a single sentence herself:

“I’m not okay today.”

She did not post it either.

She turned off her phone and went into her mother’s room. Her mother was sitting on the bed, reading a book.

“Mom…”

“Yes, my dear?”

Malika was silent for a few seconds. Then she rested her head on her mother’s shoulder.

“I’m tired.”

Her mother closed the book. She did not say, “Everything will be fine.” She did not say, “This too shall pass.” She simply stroked her daughter’s hair.

That was when Malika realized that sometimes a person does not need advice. Sometimes they simply need someone willing to stay.

That evening, she spent a long time without her phone.

The next day, she received a message from the young man from the university.

“Excuse me, may I ask you something?”

“Yes,” Malika replied.

A few minutes later, his message arrived:

“I thought your life was perfect because that’s how your page looked.”

Malika stared at the screen for a moment. Then she wrote:

“I thought the same about yours.”

There was a pause before his reply came:

“So we both judged each other by the photographs on our pages.”

Malika laughed.

They eventually became close friends. Perhaps that was the strange thing about life: sometimes the person who understands you most is someone who has been living inside the same illusion as you.

After that, Malika did not abandon social media. She did not want to reject her entire online life or portray the internet as something bad. She simply changed one thing: she stopped living to show her life and began living it for real.

Some days, she posted nothing. Some days, instead of taking photographs, she called a friend. Sometimes she and a friend would simply walk around the city without their phones, talking and laughing. Over time, her number of followers decreased. But her real conversations increased.

A year later, she began going through the photographs stored on her old phone. There were thousands of them. Most were beautiful. But she noticed that the most precious ones had never been posted online.

A photograph of her resting her head on her mother’s shoulder. A candid shot of a university friend laughing. A simple photograph of her father walking home beneath an umbrella in the rain. And a picture of herself smiling genuinely on a day she had never shared with anyone. None of them had likes. None had comments. Yet Malika could see her real life in every one of them. She turned off her phone screen. The room grew quiet. There had been a time when turning off her screen made her feel as though everything had come to an end. Now, it was the opposite. The screen went dark, but her life went on. The wind moved outside. She could hear the dishes clinking in the kitchen. Her phone lay silently on the table. Malika smiled.

At last, she understood something simple: a person can always be online, but the greatest loss is not being disconnected from the network—it is becoming disconnected from life itself.

My name is Kozimjonova Saidaxon Alisher qizi. I was born on November 27, 2007, in Asaka District, Andijan Region, Uzbekistan. I am currently a third-year student majoring in Economics at the Faculty of Economics and Management, Andijan State Technical Institute.

From an early age, I have been passionate about numbers, analytical thinking, and economics. To me, economics is more than just an academic discipline—it is a vital field that helps us understand the development of society and improve people’s lives. For this reason, conducting research and pursuing lifelong learning have become an integral part of my life.

To date, I have published more than 30 scientific articles in national and international publications. I have also presented my research at six scientific and practical conferences. During my academic journey, I became the regional winner of the Economics Statistics and Data Analysis Olympiad and later represented my region at the national stage. In addition, I won first place in the institute stage of the “Zukko Kitobxon” (Intelligent Reader) competition, participated in the national “Munozara” (Debate) tournament, and have been an active participant and winner in numerous academic and intellectual competitions.

After entering university, my interests expanded beyond academic research to include creative writing. Reading books, participating in literary events, and creating stories that touch people’s hearts have become an important part of my life. Life Online, the story you are about to read, is my second work of fiction. I believe that every story I write should encourage readers to reflect, inspire kindness, and promote universal human values.

I am also actively involved in community service. I participate in volunteer initiatives and am the founder of a volunteer-focused startup initiative under Ko’ngilli.uz. To me, contributing to society is more valuable than any personal achievement.

Reading is one of my greatest passions. So far, I have read more than 50 books, each of which has broadened my knowledge, enriched my perspective, and inspired me to pursue greater goals.

My guiding principle is: “Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave, acquire it, and share it with others.” I firmly believe that knowledge elevates individuals, while education has the power to transform society.

My greatest ambition is to become one of the leading specialists in the field of economics, further develop my academic career, and use my knowledge and experience to benefit others. If my writing or my work can make a positive difference in even one person’s life, I will consider that my greatest achievement.

HISTORICAL CITIES OF UZBEKISTAN: SAMARKAND, BUKHARA AND SHAHRISABZ

Mirzayeva Madina AsliddinovnaStudent of School No.16 “Jasorat”, Kasbi district, Kashkadarya region

ANNOTATION

This article discusses the historical and cultural importance of the ancient cities of Uzbekistan, especially Samarkand, Bukhara, and Shahrisabz. These cities are considered some of the oldest centers of civilization in Central Asia and played a major role in the development of science, culture, trade, and architecture during the period of the Great Silk Road. The article analyzes the historical monuments, architectural masterpieces, and spiritual heritage of these cities. It also explains how these historical places continue to attract tourists and researchers from different countries. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of preserving cultural heritage for future generations and promoting national identity through historical awareness.

Keywords: historical cities, Samarkand, Bukhara, Shahrisabz, architecture, cultural heritage, Silk Road, tourism, civilization, history.

INTRODUCTION

Uzbekistan is one of the most ancient countries in Central Asia with a rich cultural and historical heritage. The territory of modern Uzbekistan has long been known as a center of science, education, literature, trade, and architecture. Ancient cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, and Shahrisabz became world-famous due to their historical monuments, unique traditions, and contribution to world civilization. These cities were located on the Great Silk Road, which connected Eastern and Western countries for centuries. Merchants, scientists, travelers, and artists visited these cities, creating strong cultural and economic relations among different nations.

As a result, Samarkand, Bukhara, and Shahrisabz developed into important centers of knowledge and spirituality. Historical monuments found in these cities demonstrate the intelligence and creativity of ancient architects and craftsmen. The blue domes, detailed mosaics, giant madrasahs, and ancient fortresses continue to impress people from all around the world. These monuments are not only symbols of the past but also sources of national pride and cultural identity. Today, historical cities play an important role in tourism and education. Millions of tourists visit Uzbekistan every year to explore its ancient architecture and learn about Eastern civilization. Therefore, studying the historical cities of Uzbekistan is important for understanding both national and world history.

LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY

Many historians, researchers, and cultural scholars have studied the historical cities of Uzbekistan and their influence on world civilization. According to historical research, Samarkand was one of the most powerful centers during the Timurid period, while Bukhara became famous as a spiritual and scientific center of the Islamic world. Shahrisabz is especially recognized as the birthplace of Amir Temur and an important political center during his reign. Researchers explain that the Great Silk Road played a major role in the development of these cities. Through trade and communication, people exchanged not only goods but also scientific ideas, literature, religion, and art. Because of this, the cities became multicultural centers where knowledge and creativity flourished. This article uses qualitative analysis based on historical books, cultural studies, encyclopedias, and academic articles. The research examines historical monuments, architectural features, tourism development, and the cultural importance of Samarkand, Bukhara, and Shahrisabz. The study also analyzes how these cities influence modern society and preserve historical identity.

SAMARKAND – THE PEARL OF THE EAST

Samarkand is one of the oldest cities in the world and has a history of more than 2,700 years. The city is often called “The Pearl of the East” because of its beauty and historical significance. During the reign of Amir Temur, Samarkand became the capital of a powerful empire and one of the most developed cities in the world.One of the most famous places in Samarkand is Registan Square. This magnificent square is surrounded by three grand madrasahs: Ulugh Beg Madrasah, Sher-Dor Madrasah, and Tilla-Kari Madrasah. The buildings are decorated with colorful mosaics, geometric patterns, and golden ornaments. In ancient times, Registan was the center of education and public life. Another important monument in Samarkand is the Gur-e-Amir Mausoleum, where Amir Temur and his descendants were buried. The mausoleum is famous for its large blue dome and artistic decoration. It represents the greatness of Timurid architecture and attracts thousands of visitors every year. The Shah-i-Zinda complex is another beautiful historical site in Samarkand. It consists of many mausoleums and religious buildings covered with blue tiles and artistic patterns. Tourists describe this place as one of the most beautiful architectural complexes in Central Asia. Samarkand is also known for the Ulugh Beg Observatory. Ulugh Beg was not only a ruler but also a famous scientist and astronomer. His observatory became one of the most important scientific centers of the Middle Ages.

BUKHARA – THE CITY OF KNOWLEDGE

Bukhara is another ancient city of Uzbekistan with a history of more than 2,500 years. The city is often called an “open-air museum” because it contains hundreds of historical monuments and ancient buildings. Bukhara was one of the largest centers of Islamic culture, religion, and science. Many great scholars and religious leaders studied and worked in this city. One of the most famous monuments in Bukhara is the Kalon Minaret. Built in the twelfth century, the minaret became a symbol of the city and amazed travelers for centuries. The Ark Fortress is another important historical monument in Bukhara. It served as the residence of rulers for many years. Inside the fortress there were palaces, mosques, libraries, and government offices. Today, tourists visit the fortress to learn more about the history of the city and ancient political life. Bukhara is also famous for the Lyabi-Hauz complex. This peaceful area surrounded by historical buildings was once a gathering place for merchants and travelers. Traditional crafts such as carpet weaving, ceramics, embroidery, and jewelry-making continue to develop in Bukhara today. The atmosphere of Bukhara allows visitors to feel the spirit of ancient Eastern civilization. Narrow streets, traditional houses, and historical markets preserve the beauty of the past and attract tourists from all around the world.

SHAHRISABZ – THE BIRTHPLACE OF AMIR TEMUR

Shahrisabz is one of the most important historical cities of Uzbekistan. It is located in the Kashkadarya region and is famous as the birthplace of Amir Temur. The ancient name of the city was Kesh, and it played a major role in the political and cultural life of Central Asia. The most famous monument in Shahrisabz is the Ak-Saray Palace. Amir Temur ordered the construction of this palace to demonstrate the power and greatness of his empire. Although only part of the palace remains today, its giant entrance towers still impress visitors and researchers. Another important historical place is the Dorut Tilovat complex. This complex contains religious and educational buildings connected with the spiritual life of the city. The Dorus Saodat complex is also famous because it includes mausoleums related to the Timurid dynasty. Shahrisabz is surrounded by beautiful mountains and nature, making the city attractive not only historically but also naturally. Tourists enjoy both the peaceful atmosphere and the historical beauty of the region.

THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL HERITAGE

Historical monuments are valuable treasures that connect modern society with the past. Ancient cities help people understand the achievements, traditions, and culture of previous generations. The preservation of historical heritage is very important because monuments can be damaged by time, natural disasters, or human activity. Today, many historical monuments in Uzbekistan are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

One of the most famous places in Samarkand is Registan Square. This magnificent square is surrounded by three grand madrasahs: Ulugh Beg Madrasah, Sher-Dor Madrasah, and Tilla-Kari Madrasah. The buildings are decorated with colorful mosaics, geometric patterns, and golden ornaments. In ancient times, Registan was the center of education and public life. Another important monument in Samarkand is the Gur-e-Amir Mausoleum, where Amir Temur and his descendants were buried. The mausoleum is famous for its large blue dome and artistic decoration. It represents the greatness of Timurid architecture and attracts thousands of visitors every year.

The Shah-i-Zinda complex is another beautiful historical site in Samarkand. It consists of many mausoleums and religious buildings covered with blue tiles and artistic patterns. Tourists describe this place as one of the most beautiful architectural complexes in Central Asia. Samarkand is also known for the Ulugh Beg Observatory. Ulugh Beg was not only a ruler but also a famous scientist and astronomer. His observatory became one of the most important scientific centers of the Middle Ages.

BUKHARA – THE CITY OF KNOWLEDGE

Bukhara is another ancient city of Uzbekistan with a history of more than 2,500 years. The city is often called an “open-air museum” because it contains hundreds of historical monuments and ancient buildings. Bukhara was one of the largest centers of Islamic culture, religion, and science. Many great scholars and religious leaders studied and worked in this city. One of the most famous monuments in Bukhara is the Kalon Minaret. Built in the twelfth century, the minaret became a symbol of the city and amazed travelers for centuries. The Ark Fortress is another important historical monument in Bukhara. It served as the residence of rulers for many years. Inside the fortress there were palaces, mosques, libraries, and government offices. Today, tourists visit the fortress to learn more about the history of the city and ancient political life. Bukhara is also famous for the Lyabi-Hauz complex. This peaceful area surrounded by historical buildings was once a gathering place for merchants and travelers. Traditional crafts such as carpet weaving, ceramics, embroidery, and jewelry-making continue to develop in Bukhara today. The atmosphere of Bukhara allows visitors to feel the spirit of ancient Eastern civilization. Narrow streets, traditional houses, and historical markets preserve the beauty of the past and attract tourists from all around the world.

SHAHRISABZ – THE BIRTHPLACE OF AMIR TEMUR

Shahrisabz is one of the most important historical cities of Uzbekistan. It is located in the Kashkadarya region and is famous as the birthplace of Amir Temur. The ancient name of the city was Kesh, and it played a major role in the political and cultural life of Central Asia. The most famous monument in Shahrisabz is the Ak-Saray Palace. Amir Temur ordered the construction of this palace to demonstrate the power and greatness of his empire. Although only part of the palace remains today, its giant entrance towers still impress visitors and researchers. Another important historical place is the Dorut Tilovat complex. This complex contains religious and educational buildings connected with the spiritual life of the city. The Dorus Saodat complex is also famous because it includes mausoleums related to the Timurid dynasty. Shahrisabz is surrounded by beautiful mountains and nature, making the city attractive not only historically but also naturally. Tourists enjoy both the peaceful atmosphere and the historical beauty of the region.

THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL HERITAGE

Historical monuments are valuable treasures that connect modern society with the past. Ancient cities help people understand the achievements, traditions, and culture of previous generations. The preservation of historical heritage is very important because monuments can be damaged by time, natural disasters, or human activity. Today, many historical monuments in Uzbekistan are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.This international recognition increases tourism and encourages people to protect cultural heritage. Historical tourism also plays an important role in the economy of Uzbekistan. Millions of tourists visit Samarkand, Bukhara, and Shahrisabz every year. Through tourism, people from different countries learn more about Uzbek culture, traditions, architecture, and hospitality. Young generations should study the history of their country and respect historical monuments. Learning about ancient cities develops patriotism, national pride, and cultural awareness.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Samarkand, Bukhara, and Shahrisabz are among the greatest historical treasures of Uzbekistan and world civilization. These cities preserve the memory of great rulers, scientists, architects, and artists who contributed to human progress and cultural development. The historical monuments of these cities demonstrate the high level of architecture, science, and art achieved by ancient civilizations. Their beauty and historical importance continue to inspire millions of people around the world. Protecting and studying historical heritage is one of the most important responsibilities of modern society. By preserving ancient cities and monuments, people can maintain cultural identity and pass valuable traditions to future generations.

REFERENCES

1. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Historic Cities of Uzbekistan.

2. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Samarkand and Bukhara.

3. History of the Great Silk Road. Cultural Studies Journal.

4. Architectural Monuments of the Timurid Period.

5. Karimov, I. Historical Heritage of Central Asia.

6. National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan.

7. Cultural Tourism in Central Asia.

8. History and Civilization of the East.

Mirzayeva Madina Asliddinovna is a student at the “Jasorat” School No. 16 in the Kasbi district of the Qashqadaryo region. From an early age, she has demonstrated a profound interest in creative writing, literature, and journalism, earning a reputation as a proactive and highly inquisitive student. Embarking on her creative journey early on, she launched a personal blog on the Telegram social network, where she regularly shares her perspectives on a variety of topics.

To further advance her skills, Madina successfully completed the “Efirdamiz” (On Air) broadcasting course. She has been invited multiple times to the “Fayzli Kun” program on the Qashqadaryo television channel, where her creative segments were broadcast. Her television appearances have also been featured on the national “Madaniyat va Ma’rifat” (Culture and Enlightenment) channel.

Her creative works have been published across local and international websites and magazines. Notably, her pieces have been featured on the internationalliterary platform Atunis Poetry. Furthermore, her literary work has been included ininternational anthologies such as Voices Without Borders, published in the United States, and “Ziyo Izidan”.Madina holds numerous international certificates and has actively participated in various competitions, earning cash prizes, books, and commemorative awards.

Acknowledged as a favored mentee by journalist Nigora Togayeva, she continues to expand her creative endeavors in collaboration with international organizations. Despite her young age, Madina Asliddinovna is a promising and talented creative, actively striving to establish her presence in the fields of writing, journalism, and media.

DIGITAL AND AI-DERMATOSCOPIC MONITORING OF THE EFFICACY OF BIOLOGICAL THERAPY IN PSORIASIS

Feruza Jumanazar qizi Boymurodova

3rd-year student, Faculty of Medicine

 Karshi State University

ABSTRACT

This thesis analyzes the efficacy of applying AI-dermatoscopy and digital monitoring systems in the treatment of psoriasis with biological agents (monoclonal antibodies). Due to the subjective nature of traditional clinical assessment methods (such as the PASI index), the necessity of utilizing digital technologies to detect microvascular and vascular changes in the skin at an early stage is highlighted. The study results demonstrated that AI-dermatoscopic analysis and digital monitoring allow for an objective evaluation of therapy efficacy 2 weeks earlier than visual signs appear, enabling timely adjustment of the treatment regimen and accurate prediction of the remission period.

Keywords: Psoriasis, medications, AI-dermatoscopy, biological therapy, antibodies, digital monitoring.

INTRODUCTION

Relevance of the topic. In recent years, the use of biological therapy—specifically monoclonal antibodies (IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors)—has represented a major breakthrough in dermatovenerology for the treatment of severe and treatment-resistant forms of psoriasis. These targeted drugs selectively act on the immunopathogenetic cascade of the disease, demonstrating high clinical and laboratory efficacy. While the introduction of biological agents (monoclonal antibodies) plays a crucial role in modern medicine, assessing treatment efficacy with the naked eye does not always yield accurate results. The routinely used PASI index remains subjective and largely dependent on the specialist’s experience. To detect microscopic changes in the skin layers and positive dynamics during the initial weeks of treatment, there is a growing need to utilize dermatoscopy based on modern digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms.

 Objective of the study: To demonstrate the accuracy and efficacy of evaluating skin recovery dynamics via AI-dermatoscopy and digital monitoring in psoriasis patients receiving biological therapy (monoclonal antibodies), thereby improving overall treatment outcomes.

Tasks of the study:

To analyze dermatoscopic parameters of the skin in psoriasis patients undergoing monoclonal antibody therapy using an AI neural network.To identify the correlation between AI-dermatoscopic parameters and the traditional PASI index.To evaluate the practical significance of digital monitoring systems in improving treatment compliance and predicting remission periods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study included 30 patients (18 males, 12 females; aged 18 to 65 years, mean age: 42.5 ± 8.3 years) diagnosed with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis receiving biological therapy (IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors). Affected skin areas were evaluated using a digital dermatoscope at baseline (week 0) and at weeks 2, 4, and 12 of treatment. Images capturing erythema, vascular pattern, and plaque thickness were analyzed using a dedicated AI neural network, complemented by a home-based digital monitoring application.The acquired images (erythema degree, vascular structure, and layer thickness) were analyzed using a specialized AI neural network. Additionally, patients were enrolled in a mobile application monitoring system to capture and send general skin condition images from home.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

AI-assisted dermatoscopic analysis demonstrated early vascular reduction and subclinical resolution of inflammatory features as early as Week 2 in 86.7% (n = 26) of patients, significantly preceding visible clinical improvement. The AI-based quantitative metrics showed a strong positive correlation with traditional PASI scores (r = 0.84, p < 0.001), providing objective, high-sensitivity detection of early therapeutic response and optimizing patient compliance.The developed digital and AI-monitoring approach enables physicians to make timely adjustments to treatment tactics, prevent complications, and achieve medical and social cost-effectiveness by reducing inpatient hospital visits. Furthermore, the digital monitoring system improved patient treatment compliance by reducing the need for frequent clinic visits.

CONCLUSION

The implementation of AI-dermatoscopy and digital monitoring systems in psoriasis patients receiving biological therapy (monoclonal antibodies) provides an objective and precise evaluation of treatment efficacy. The results confirmed that analyzing dermatoscopic images via an artificial intelligence neural network possesses higher sensitivity compared to traditional visual examination and the PASI index. It is recommended to integrate AI-dermatoscopic scanning into clinical practice at dermatovenerology clinics and specialized centers as a mandatory monitoring criterion for patients undergoing biological therapy.

REFERENCES

1.https://med24.uz

2.https://avitsenna.uz

3.Diagnosis of skin diseases through AI programs in dermatology. Journal of Science and Technology.  

4. A. (2009). Skin and Venereal Diseases. Aripov, S. S. (2010). Dermatology Textbook.

Feruza Boymurodova Jumanazar qizi was born on May 22, 2005, in the Kitob district of the Qashqadaryo region. She is currently a student at the Faculty of Medicine at Qarshi State University, actively conducting research at the intersection of medicine and social projects.

She has participated in the “AI Girls Bootcamp” startup program in Tashkent, as well as the “RISE & GLOW” and “Kelajak” platforms. She has served as a volunteer in the “Salomatlik”, “Vitamed”, and “Oltin Qanot” organizations, and took part in the “Eng yaxshi targ‘ibotchi” (Best Promoter) competition. On an international level, she has been accepted into the Argentine Writers’ Union, and her scientific articles have been published in international collections.

In her submitted article, as a future physician and researcher, she places a strong emphasis on strengthening public health, advancing medical knowledge, and addressing pressing issues in practical medicine.

TGFU – The Key to My Success

Human beings always welcome each new day with dreams and new goals, making plans for the future. In order to achieve some goals, we have to give up certain things and strive for others. This, in turn, requires qualities such as determination, hard work, knowledge, and skills, as well as the ability to apply them in practice.

To achieve a positive result, a person must have intelligence, willpower, confidence, determination, and the ability to direct their efforts and hard work in the right way.

In 2023, I became a student at Tashkent University of Humanities (TGFU). From that moment on, some of the happiest days of my life began, driven by my strong desire to gain knowledge. First of all, the university environment and the opportunities created for education greatly increased my passion for learning. Modern technologies, an electronic library, classrooms equipped in accordance with the requirements of the modern era, interactive boards, and, most importantly, the opportunity to study under knowledgeable, wise, and demanding professors, including Candidates and Doctors of Sciences, provide students with all the necessary conditions for quality education.

Furthermore, our university has signed memorandums and agreements with several universities abroad, including institutions in Turkey, China, and Kyrgyzstan. Students also have opportunities to study abroad. This provides them with valuable opportunities to gain new experiences, develop innovative approaches to education, and acquire skills in various fields.

TGFU is one of the universities that provides equal opportunities for everyone who wishes to study and creates a strong foundation for their future. In 2023, TGFU ranked fifth in the “Best Non-State University – 2023” competition. Considering that the university had been established only a short time before, achieving such a result within just six months was truly remarkable.

Various competitions and events are regularly organized at the university. These activities are not conducted in an ordinary manner; rather, they are organized creatively in the form of conferences, practical presentations, and other innovative events. The university administration actively supports talented and creative students, encouraging them through recognition and motivation. This contributes significantly to strengthening students’ self-confidence and inspires them to work harder on their personal and professional development.

The learning process itself is also engaging. Classes are conducted through interesting methods, including debates, discussions, and unconventional teaching approaches. Such methods encourage students to think creatively, develop new ideas, and become innovators in their respective fields.

Today, TGFU has developed new educational programs for the new academic year and opened new fields of study. The university has also introduced scholarships and grants for talented and knowledge-seeking young people across various academic programs. These initiatives naturally attract the interest of students and encourage them to pursue education with greater enthusiasm. After all, the fruit that comes from knowledge and hard work is truly sweet.

Achieving success through knowledge first of all gives a person happiness, motivation, and enthusiasm. TGFU currently has three campuses located in Tashkent, Samarkand, and the Republic of Karakalpakstan. At each educational building, students have the opportunity to learn from professors, Doctors of Sciences, and experienced teachers.

On August 9, 2026, the opening ceremony of TGFU’s new main building was held in the Turtkul district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The event began with a graduation ceremony and the presentation of diplomas to students and continued with a spectacular concert program. The new building was established as a modern educational center equipped with contemporary classrooms, advanced technologies, and the necessary facilities for quality education.Personally, I also had the opportunity to participate in the ” Best Article” competition organized by the university. My creative work was selected and I was awarded a certificate. This became the beginning of my collection of achievements. Later, my creative works were published in international newspapers and journals. These accomplishments became some of the most valuable achievements in my life and greatly strengthened my self-confidence.

Today, I continue to move forward without fear, seeking new knowledge, conducting new research, and exploring new opportunities. I can confidently say that the foundation of my achievements lies in my decision to enter TGFU and in the knowledge and skills I gained from my professors.

TGFU is the key to my success.

Yuldasheva Xadichaxon Bahodir qizi was born on January 8, 1993, in Tashkent, into a family of intellectuals. From an early age, she has shown a strong interest in literature, art, and science.

A number of her literary articles have been published in international journals. She has also actively participated in international literary anthologies and collections held in countries such as Turkey, Egypt, Azerbaijan, and India. In particular, her creative works have been included in the “New Renaissance Students’ Almanac.”

In 2024, she won the district stage of the “Woman of the Year 2024” competition in the nomination “Best Creative Woman of the Year.” She also participated in the “Followers of Behbudi” competition.

Currently, Yuldasheva Xadichaxon Bahodir qizi is a fourth-year student majoring in Psychology at Tashkent University of Humanities. Her academic pursuits, passion for literature and art, and creative activities demonstrate her multifaceted intellectual and creative potential.

To My Dear Father

You are everything I have in this world,
My pride, my patience, my honor unfurled.
My shield, my strength, my greatest treasure,
My dear father, whose love knows no measure.

You have endured so much pain in this life,
Yet faced it all with courage, without strife.
You gave your strength and soul for your children,
My dear father, whose love has never weakened.

You raised us with care, never letting us ache,
With patience, each difficult day you would take.
You showed us the world, took us far and wide,
My dear father, always there by our side.

With your advice, you gave us love and light,
A love so magical, pure and bright.
May you always live surrounded by your children’s affection,

My dear father, whose love is beyond perfection.

To My Dear Father

With my tiny hands raised in prayer,
I ask Allah for your life to spare.
May my prayers reach the heavens above,
For all I wish is your long life, my beloved father.

What have you not seen in this bright world?
How much pain, how many hardships unfurled?
With patience, step by step, you carried on,
And finally, the days we dreamed of have come.

Never say, my dear father, that you are less,
Never bow your head to those who bring distress.
Look upon the world with kindness and care, dear father,
For with you, this bright world blossoms fair.

Degradation Processes in Irrigated Soils of the Kashkadarya Region, Ecological Challenges in Achieving High Crop Yields, and Strategies for Mitigation Using Biological Mulching Methods

Student of the Faculty of Geography and Agronomy, Department of Ecology, Karshi State University

ABSTRACT

This scientific article analyzes the ecological degradation processes occurring in the irrigated soils of the Kashkadarya region, particularly secondary salinization, soil erosion, and the depletion of humus content, which represent the main challenges in achieving high agricultural crop yields. Under the sharply arid climatic conditions of the region, the ecological and economic efficiency of applying local organic waste (wheat straw, cotton stalks) and the “Eco-Mulch” technology to restore soil fertility and optimize water resource utilization is scientifically substantiated.

Keywords: Kashkadarya soils, degradation, secondary salinization, humus, water scarcity, biological mulching, Eco-Mulch, sustainable agriculture.

——————————

1. INTRODUCTION

The sustainable development of agricultural production and ensuring food security in the Republic of Uzbekistan, particularly in the Kashkadarya region, directly depend on soil fertility and the rational use of water resources. However, in recent years, due to global climate change, rising temperatures, and acute water shortages, various ecological problems and soil degradation have been intensifying in the irrigated lands of the region.

The specific hydrogeological and climatic conditions of the plain areas in the Kashkadarya region require special agrotechnical and ecological approaches to maintain soil fertility. Studying the main factors hindering high and quality crop yields and developing innovative, environmentally friendly methods to eliminate them is one of the most urgent tasks of today.

——————————

2. MAIN ECOLOGICAL CHALLENGES IN ACHIEVING HIGH YIELDS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSION)

Conducted scientific observations and analyses show that the following main ecological and agrotechnical challenges exist in obtaining high crop yields from the soils of the Kashkadarya region:

1. Secondary Salinization and Mineralization: Due to high groundwater tables in the irrigated lands of the region (especially in Kasbi, Nishon, Mirishkor, and Muborak districts) and intense water evaporation during hot summers, capillary salts rise to the upper soil layers. This causes secondary salinization and severely damages the root systems of crops.

2. Water Scarcity and High Transpiration: Limited water sources for irrigation and the traditional furrow irrigation method result in 40–50% of water loss through evaporation, causing crops to experience water stress.

3.Depletion of Humus (Organic Matter) Content: Due to long-term monoculture cultivation (cotton and wheat), insufficient organic fertilizer application, and the inefficient practice of burning straw and stalks in the fields after harvest, the humus content in the topsoil has dropped to 0.8–1.1%.

4. Soil Compaction and Erosion: The frequent movement of heavy machinery, along with excessive use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, destroys soil microfauna (beneficial microbes and earthworms) and disrupts soil structure.

——————————

3. STRATEGIES FOR RESTORING SOIL FERTILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT (SOLUTIONS)

To overcome the above-mentioned problems under the conditions of the Kashkadarya region and to obtain abundant and environmentally clean crop yields, the following complex ecological and innovative measures are proposed:

1. Implementation of “Eco-Mulch” (Biological Mulching) Technology:

   Shredding and sterilizing wheat straw and cotton stalks, which are traditionally left as waste in fields after harvest, and applying them as a protective layer between crop rows.

• Result: The mulch layer reflects sunlight and reduces water evaporation from the soil surface by 35–40%. Once water evaporation stops, salts do not rise to the surface, successfully preventing salinization.

2. Organic Humus Formation:

   The applied straw and organic mulch gradually decompose, enriching the soil with biological humus. This improves soil structure, water permeability, and aeration.

1. 

Natural Barrier Against Weeds:

   Because the mulch layer blocks sunlight, it prevents weed growth. This frees farmers from using expensive and toxic herbicides.

2. 

Drip and Mulched Irrigation Complex:

   Combining drip irrigation with mulching in small areas and greenhouses makes it possible to increase crop yields by 25–30% and cut water consumption in half.

——————————

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

To obtain abundant and sustainable crop yields from the irrigated soils of the Kashkadarya region, increasing the dosage of chemical fertilizers is not sufficient; rather, restoring the ecological and biological health of the soil is essential.

Research shows that utilizing the “Eco-Mulch” technology made from local organic waste:

• Allows for the conservation of irrigation water and the curbing of secondary salinization;

• Increases organic humus content in the soil and boosts crop yields by 20–25%;

• Establishes an environmentally clean and resource-efficient agriculture model.

It is recommended to widely introduce these recommendations in farms and household plots throughout the region.

——————————

REFERENCES

1. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. (2020). On the Strategy for the Development of Agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2020–2030. No. PF-5853. Tashkent.

2. Hasanov, M.H., & Raupov, B. (2019). Hydromorphic and ecological condition of irrigated soils in Kashkadarya region. Tashkent: Fan va texnologiya nashriyoti, pp. 142-150.

3. Oktamova, S.M. (2026). Eco-Mulch: Smart Mulching Technology for Enhancing Soil Fertility and Water Conservation. Synchronized Chaos International Journal, California, USA.

4. Ismailov, A., & Sattarov, J. (2021).

Soil science and problems of soil degradation. Tashkent: “Uzbekistan”, pp. 210–225.

5. Smith, P., & Gregory, P.J. (2018). Soil fertility and climate change mitigation strategies in arid zones. Journal of Environmental Management, 245, 112–120.

6. FAO. (2022). Status of the World’s Soil Resources: Salinization and Organic Matter Loss in Central Asia. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Oʻktamova Sabrina Mahmud qizi is a prominent and highly intellectual young representative of modern Uzbek youth, distinguished by her thirst for knowledge, social activism, and ambitious goals for the future.

Born on March 24, 2007, in Karshi city, Kashkadarya region, into an intellectual family, Sabrina graduated from school with excellent grades. She gained admission to Karshi State University (QarDU) on a state grant, where she is currently pursuing her bachelor’s degree in Ecology.

Despite her young age, Sabrina’s ability to fully capitalize on opportunities and achieve remarkable success is greatly supported by her parents, Islomov Mahmud and Geldiyeva Shahnoza. Her elder sister, Jasmina Makhmudovna, has been a key mentor and a significant source of inspiration in fostering Sabrina’s profound passion for knowledge and excellence.

Sabrina’s current achievements include:

• An active Eco-Volunteer and Social Volunteer.

• Regional winner of the Vociep project.

• Member of the “Children and Youth Support Movement” and a recipient of its special badge.

• An active member of the People’s Democratic Party.

• Recipient of over a hundred certificates from various educational and extracurricular programs.

• Participant in several international forums.

• An active participant and international certificate holder in the recent International Eco-Zakovat competition, recognized as a talented and active student and leader.

• An active member of the Kashkadarya “Golden Wing” Organization and the Youth Golden Wing initiative.

• Recipient of multiple Machine Learning (ML) grants.

Sabrina embodies a dynamic spirit, combining academic excellence with a strong commitment to social and environmental causes, making her a highly promising future leader and expert in the Field of Ecology